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A cock and bull story

A cock and bull storyMeaningA fanciful and unbelievable tale.OriginIt is widely reported that this phrase originated at Stony Stratford ("The Jewel of Milton Keynes"), Buckinghamshire, England. Visitors to Milton Keynes might feel the bar for 'jewel' status is set rather low in that region, although Stony Stratford is indeed a rather pleasant market town. Stony Stratford (the stony ford on the Roman road) is located on the old Roman road of Watling Street, now the A5. In the height of the coaching era - the 18th and early 19th centuries - Stony Stratford was an important stopping-off point for mail and passenger coaches travelling between London and the North of England. This coaching history is the source of the supposed origin of the phrase 'cock and bull story'. The Cock and the Bull were two of the main coaching inns in the town and the banter and rivalry between groups of travellers is said to have resulted in exaggerated and fanciful stories, which became known as 'cock and bull stories'. The two hostelries did, and still do, exist. By now, you may have noticed the 'widely reported' and 'supposed' adjectives above and picked up that I don't believe a word of it. Although it is an appealing story, regrettably, it is little more than that. There's no evidence whatsoever to connect the two inns with the phrase, apart from the coincidence of the two names. Whisper it not in Stony Stratford if you want to get out alive, but it's more likely that the phrase comes from old folk tales that featured magical animals. The early 17th century French term 'coq-a-l'ane' was defined in Randle Cotgrave's A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues, 1611 as:An incoherent story, passing from one subject to another.This was later taken up in Scots as "cockalayne", again with the same meaning. The first citation of 'cock and bull' stories in English is from Robert Burton's The Anatomy of Melancholy, 1621:"Some mens whole delight is to talk of a Cock and Bull over a pot."This reference to 'a cock' and 'a bull', which is duplicated in all the early 17th and 18th century citations of the phrase, lends support to the view that the stories were about cocks and bulls, i.e. fanciful tales, rather than stories told in the Cock or the Bull. The early date doesn't entirely rule out the coaching inn story, as coaches were used for transport in England prior to 1621 and both establishments were in business before that date but, in my view, that derivation is a 20th century invention.What is missing from the Stony Stratford tale, and this is commonplace in folk-etymological sources that attempt to connect language with a particular place (see by hook and by crook, for example), is any link between the supposed origin and the meaning of the phrase. Why should patrons of the Cock and the Bull have been any more likely to make up fanciful tales than anyone else? Neither the Cock nor the Bull has distinguished itself in the making of the English language. The Bull now languishes under the outrageous 'InnFamous Bull' pun on its inn sign. The Cock, in addition to the 'cock and bull story', has another cock and bull story all to itself. It is said to be the source of the nursery rhyme line 'ride a cock horse to Banbury Cross'. The story goes that horses were hired at the Cock Inn by travellers on route to nearby Banbury. Again, this is tosh. A cockhorse has been a nursery term since at least the early 16th century, as this citation from Sir Thomas Elyot's The Image of Governance, 1540, indicates:"The dotyng pleasure to see my littell soonne ride on a cokhorse."It isn't clear whether cockhorses were originally sticks with horses' heads that children played with or a reference to children being bounced on the knee of an adult. What they were definitely not were horses hired from a pub thirty miles away. I must close now; the paramilitary wing of the Stony Stratford tourist office is on my tail... --------------------------------------------------------------------------------Copyright © Gary Martin

Peter Wright ● 6650d0 Comments ● 6650d

Fight fire with fire

Fight fire with fireMeaningRespond to an attack by using a similar method as one's attacker.OriginWhen we 'fight fire with fire' we are likely to employ more extreme methods than we would normally do. That was also the case with the actual fire-fighting that was the source of this phrase. US settlers in the 19th century, who originated the phrase, attempted to guard against grass or forest fires by deliberately raising small controllable fires, which they called 'back-fires', to remove any flammable material in advance of a larger fire and so deprive it of fuel. This literal 'fighting fire with fire' was often successful, although the settlers' lack of effective fire control equipment meant that their own fires occasionally got out of control and made matters worse rather than better. One such failure was recorded in Caroline Kirkland's novel, based on her experiences of frontier Michigan in the 1840s, A New Home - Who'll Follow? Or, Glimpses of Western Life (written under the pseudonym of Mrs. Mary Clavers):The more experienced of the neighbours declared there was nothing now but to make a "back-fire!" So home-ward all ran, and set about kindling an opposing serpent which should "swallow up the rest;" but it proved too late. The flames only reached our stable and haystacks the sooner,The method has continued to be used however and foresters now routinely create roads or unplanted areas to act as fire-breaks in woodland that is at risk of fire. The term 'backfire' is now more often applied to plans that fail in a way that weren't intended. It wasn't used in that negative sense until the early 20th century and probably derives from the popping explosions that used to be commonly heard from the exhausts of faulty motor vehicles, not from forest 'back-fires' which ran out of control.The earliest usage of 'fight fire with fire' that I've found in print is in the US author Henry Tappan's 1852 reminiscence A Step from the New World to the Old, and Back Again:Smoking was universal among the men; generally cigars, not fine Havanas, but made of Dutch tobacco, and to me not very agreeable. I had some Havanas with me, and so I lighted one to make an atmosphere for myself: as the trappers on the prairies fight fire with fire, so I fought tobacco with tobacco.

Peter Wright ● 6657d0 Comments ● 6657d

'Spanish Practices' at Boll(er)o House

For the info of Piccadilly Line users (and for that matter all taxpayers)  -  item in current Private Eye:- "A leaked report on working practices among drivers on the Piccadilly Line of the London Underground makes unnerving reading for travellers."The unpublished report for the trains functional council, joint management-union body, was prepared by two senior officials of the RMT and Aslef unions. It says “serious safety questions” are raised by the fact that the records off shifts worked by 281 drivers working out of Bollo House, a major Tube depot at Acton Town, are in many cases works of fiction."Shift records were not “properly recorded”, often being “manipulated”. Some “employees are receiving overtime payments for spurious reasons” while others “are working six days a week and are failing to record what they are doing”."The doctored records, as well as enabling pay and time-off fiddles, make it impossible to establish if drivers are taking proper rest periods before transporting thousands of commuters. Tube drivers are not allowed to drive trains for stretches longer than 4 hours and 15 minutes at a time. The report suggests this rule may regularly be flouted."A spokesperson for Transport for London told the Eye the report made “a number of recommendations... these included a programme of audits to ensure compliance across the system”. TIL would not confirm whether the top recommendation — that one “syndicate leader” [lead driver] responsible for many of the irregular rotas be removed from a position of responsibility - was ever taken up. Sources at the depot say no, so the drivers will no doubt continue to take the piss. Mind the doors!"

Chris Veasey ● 6657d1 Comments ● 6657d